The first day of the Hebrew month Nisan begins the first month of the modern calendar. Nisan was considered the new year for counting years based on the reigns of ancient kings in Israel. Nisan also begins the new year that orders Jewish holidays. Nisan usually occurs near April in preparation for the Passover celebration. Modernized years are counted from the seventh month on Rosh HaShanah, or the first of Tishri. The Hebrew Head of the Year,  Rosh HaShanah is observed with schofar blasts and marks as the anniversary of Creation. Adam, as the first man, was fashioned on the first of Tishri and the sixth day of the Creative Week. Rosh Hashanah begins a 10-day period of somber reflection and planning self-improvement in the upcoming new year. The Day of Atonement, Yom Kippur follows on the tenth day of Tishri from scripture.

Numbers 29:1

Leviticus 23:27

We can easily see lunar/solar calendar formulation at this early juncture. Remembering Judaism changes the day just after sunset, these scriptures designate Rosh HaShanah to be a one or two day holiday according to Gregorian reckoning. The autumnal festival is observed on the first and second of Tishri. A 10-day period of introspection begins with Rosh HaShanah and lasts until Yom Kippur. These are called the Days of Awe when plans are made to correct past mistakes.

Primary emphasis of the Jewish Calendar is the lunar year. Lunar-side years are either 353, 354 or 355-days. Exceptions are based on the additions of the Second Adar month and further refinements. Seven times over a Metonic 19-year lunar/solar cycle, Second Adar inserts intercalary time to keep the lunar-side on track with the 365 day-solar-year. Any lunar/solar calendar requires some method of additional intercalary months so that lunar and solar years may track together. The contemporary 19 year l/s-cycle applies 29-day or 30-day Second Adar months every two or three years, and they usually alternate lengths. Looking back to the time of Moses, Leviticus and other scriptures specify a 49-Year Jubilee Cycle pattern. Preserving Sabbath continuity has always been a major tenet of Judaism at large.

Leviticus 25:8

Conventional estimates for Jewish chronology, particularly involving Old Testament kings, associate both a 365 day-solar-year and relative Gregorian Calendar reckoning with 50-Year Jubilee Cycles. Historians have long dismissed Apocryphal books citing multiple deterrents to their validity. The style of writing, including tense and spelling, tends to reinforce much later composition toward the end of the first millennium BCE. Spiritual allegiance seems questionable especially whenever angelic or demonic influences are described. Some works have parts that tie into neighboring mythologies, too. Reservations concerning false worship and external gods have greatly distanced lesser texts from more reliable sources.

Discoveries like the Qumran fragments and related archeological evidence has caused biblical enthusiasts to revisit a long standing debate. After all the translations and revisions have been accounted for, cognizant scholars can detect grains of authenticity. More etymology or word studies coupled with adjoining science have proven a sense of respect for writings previously ignored. Phrases and terminology found in the Masoretic text, Septuagint and other comprehensive documentation deemed canonical have given rise to rethink certain attitudes. Early Christian authors were known to discard many works based upon cooperation with Jewish leaders. Texts were sometimes labeled heretical or negatively assessed for value. Differences between 49-Year and 50-Year Jubilee Cycles are a single aspect of lost substance.

Egyptologists reason the earliest calendar of the Pharaohs was lunar/solar. Regional spirituality gradually replaced the sacred religious lunar/solar system with a traditional civil 365 day-solar-calendar. Mythical character Seth first cuts Osiris into 14 parts and preserves the phallus. Osiris is a masculine god of the dead and fertility. The corpse is then placed in a special coffin by Seth and 72 conspirators. The box is tossed into the Nile, where upon Isis magically discovers it at Byblus. Plutarch substitutes the Greek name Typhon for Seth. His version purports Seth-Typhon conspiring against Osiris with 73 others. Seth proceeds to dismember Osiris into 14 pieces and scatter them throughout Egypt. Isis reassembles Osiris and with the aid of a wooden figurine to represent the phallus; she conceives new king Horus.

Stories about Isis and Osiris clearly link to lunar/solar calendars emerging from foundational dynastic periods. Isis symbolizes a lunar-side mother of rebirth by rejoining 2-weeks in a lunar cycle. Light and dark, sun and moon were the eyes of Horus. Seth's conspiracy consisting of 72 participants enumerates a pattern now distinguishable in Mesoamerican Calendars. Comparing 5 Wayeb-days belonging to Mayan culture, is essentially the same mathematically as 5 Epagomenal-days once celebrated by Egypt's Feast of the Walking Stick festival. Both systems include a special 5 holiday supplement beyond 360-days. The esteemed Jewish holidays called Rosh HaShanah and Yom Kippur were likewise positioned around the 360-day midpoint between lunar and solar years.

Protodynastic Egypt is divided into Naqada I, II and III periods, and extends in principle from 4400 BCE up to about 3000 BCE. Indigenous people traded with Nubia to the south, western desert dwellers and eastern Mediterranean cultures. Old Kingdom inhabitants were importing obsidian from Ethiopia and ceder wood from Lebanon by the Early Bronze Age, 2650 BCE. Old Kingdom kings of Egypt were related in dynastic fashion. They assumed the role of living gods in name and sovereign control. Close association with Nubia, Ethiopia and neighboring communities brought new ideas. Nile river flooding and stable farming conditions allowed the people to thrive in a geographically fixed culture.

Geb, god of the Earth, and Sky goddess Nut were the cosmic parents of Sun-god Ra (Ray, or Re). First references to Ra date from 2800 BCE and the second dynasty. Ra represents the sun dawning from primordial waters. Ra develops in prominence with close ties to kingship and the afterlife. The fifth dynasty (c. 2500 BCE) saw Egyptian gods and their namesakes begin to proliferate. At his rising Ra becomes Atum, a variant that begins to acquire almost monotheistic importance. Worship transpires to a sun disk picture in dedicated hieroglyph drawings. Names of gods merge with one another, in addition to names of Pharaohs and their personal gods. Atum-Ra and Amun-Ra in the New Kingdom period attest to Creator and solar worship.

The 360-day midpoint length of year is well established by the biblical flood story and cross-cultural traces with Egyptian, Babylonian, Chaldean and other civilizations. During the Early Dynastic Period a new civil 360-day calendar year developed around three trimester seasons grouped into four months each. Each month was divided into three 10-day decades. Lunar-side 354-day years needed intercalation to stay synchronized with solar-years. Egyptians added an extra month to create a Great Year of 384-days every 2 or 3 years. Meanings for the Great Year may allude to further calculations leading to precession of the equinoxes and movement within the animal zodiac.

Geb and Nut eventually give birth to Osiris, Horus, Seth, Isis and Nephtys during an intercalary 5-day period following 360-days. Osiris was born on the first day, Horus the Elder on the second, Seth on the third, Isis on the fourth and Nephthys was the last born on the fifth day. Isis becomes consort to Osiris, and Seth is paired with Nephtys. Finally, young Horus of the horizon personifies Pharaoh on either the second or sometimes last day in the line of 5 Epagomenal-days. Pharaoh is referred to as the son of Ra going forward. Contemporary to the Old Kingdom, the name of Nubian Amun was Amani.

Solar calendar worship helps define Ra, his Pharaonic sons ruling the empire and the entirety of Egyptian mysticism. Sun-god Ra transfers his mythical qualities to his storied son, Osiris and a stellar-side calendar superimposes over the older Solar-Side calendar. Coincidental annual Nile floods and heliacal, dawn risings of star Sirius in Canis Major were Middle Kingdom (2000–1600 BCE) objectives. Sirius, the brightest star in the night sky, reappeared in the sky after an absence of 70-days and heralded the Nile rising. The new year officially began on the first new moon after the rising of Sirius. Ancient Egyptians called the star Sopdet and Greeks chose the name Sothis. The beginning or the opening of the year about four thousand years ago occurred near the summer solstice in early July (modern June 21-22). Sirius opened the way for the Nile flood to return life and fertility back to the land of Egypt following some 70-days of invisibility below the horizon. Isis mourned and wept for beloved husband, Osiris to provide vital Nile flood waters.

Since European scholars began to discover the antiquity encompassed by Egyptian history in the 19th century, nearly everyone has attempted to impart a standard 365 day-solar-year upon every conceivable chronology. All of these calculations, including those dominating biblical history and regnal alignments, are dependent upon relative Gregorian dating. Modern archeology and techniques certainly have added a great deal to our body of archaic study. A more difficult route follows the path of absolute chronology, which exposes the originators' actual meaning. Every gap in the flow of cultural history cannot be filled, nor can anyone hope to gather lengthy hindsight over centuries and millennia, however obvious clues are often well documented.

Jewish 49-Year and 50-Year Jubilee Cycles are written into the annals of Leviticus. Moses vehemently opposed the entire Egyptian pantheon. He did preserve the crown jewels of Egyptian heritage: the Antediluvian Patriarchs. Moses in Hebrew literally means, drawn from or drawn out as a son. Moses was the New Kingdom adopted prince (son) of Pharaoh. Convention assigns Moses to be the son of Ramses II or Ramses III during the Ramessid Period from 1295-1186 BCE. Ramses was the son of Ra during the 19th dynasty and variations surrounding the names are evident. Notice how Moses drops any affiliation with Sun-god Ra in his name. The calendar tree drawing below (Figure 1) shows two separate 49-Year Jubilee Cycles adding together to make 98-years. There are 7-cycles of 7-year-weeks in each 49-Year Jubilee Cycle. On the far right, a final 7-year-week called week 15 adds to complete the Solar-Side 105-Year Venus Round 3 Age for Jewish Seth. Identical patterns fit a profile for both 364 day-Ethiopic-years or the more common 365 day-solar-year. The building pattern involved is the same and only the total day count is subject to change. Fifteen cycles of 7-year-weeks in two successive groups bring the day count difference to 105-days when a 364 day-Ethiopic-year marks multiple years. A logical, numerical matching process reveals the Solar-Side 105 Day & Year single term.