Time Emits Calendar Research
Ancient Calendars of the Holy Bible
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Contemporary astrology wields popularity involving zodiac
calendar history. Wider views draw upon many other
sciences. Formal calendar science includes remote astronomy,
mythology and vast cultural study. Zodiac study includes basic
star and ecliptic heavenly observation paramount to early
biblical records.
Zodiac_Calendar_History
History of the zodiac covers calendar science, astronomy and
culture. The zodiac circle has 360-degrees. Calendar
reckoning purposes translate the zodiac circle to the basic
360-day-calendar-year. The equator is an imaginary line that
circumscribes Earth at 0-degrees latitude. Extending the
equatorial circle into space creates a mathematical plane between
the equator on the surface and the corresponding circle in space
called the ecliptic. The equator and the ecliptic are in
perfect alignment only at two distinct equinox times during the
year.
The zodiac typically refers to the stars and star groups or
constellations near the ecliptic band throughout the year.
Modern astrology recognizes 12 different sign constellations spaced
roughly 30-days or 30-degrees apart. The sun and moon travel
along the ecliptic and the zodiacal stars vary up to about 8-degrees
either side of the ecliptic. Spiritual concerns span nearly
every culture and anchor most world religions. Astrology here
includes the ancient branch of calendar science that mixes beliefs
in astrology with early astronomy. The following list details
general dates and typical sign characteristics for each
constellation sign.
Sumerian
6 Sign Zodiac and Mayan Calendar 360-Day-Tun-Years
The Antediluvian Calendar in Genesis
5 establishes original counting techniques that carry
forward to variations of Jewish and Mesoamerican calendar
systems. Significant 364-day-Ethiopic-years and the matching
corollary term, 364-year-Ethiopic-cycles manifest similar
traits. Mayan 52-year Calendar Rounds and Judaic 50-year
Jubilee Cycles have nearly identical properties regarding the
360-day midpoint length of year. Discernable differences arise
from how the calendars marked four special days in the old
year. New Year beginnings and the annual tally within each
cycle are a direct result. Many Mesoamerican Calendar
variations exist to suggest no firm rules ever did apply.
Middle Eastern influences controlling religious Judaism were
contributing factors as well. An ancient Babylonian tradition
recites the Creation epic on the fourth day of the New Year’s
festival. Exactly when and how ancient New Year’s Days
increment next year counts within a greater cycle is a contentious
subject.
Annual procedures leading to New Year’s Day on the vernal, spring
equinox divide a Judaic 360-day midpoint length of year into four
equal quarters having 90-days each. The vernal equinox occurs
in springtime when the ecliptic intersects the celestial
equator. One single day each quarter aligns with each Royal
day-star. The four archangel stars conclusively identify as
Regulus, Aldebaran, Antares and Fomalhaut. These four
archangel stars once signified four cardinal points in the ancient
year. Descriptions in the Books of Enoch and elsewhere add
these 4-day stars to 360-days every year to create the
364-day-Ethiopic-year. One Royal day-star adds with each of
four quarters. Early astronomy and astrology combine long
ago. Regulus introduces the summer solstice. Regulus is
the heart of the constellation Leo the lion and leader of the four
royal stars. Aldebaran is a red giant star and the Eye of
Taurus the Bull. Antares is the heart of the Scorpion.
Fomalhaut belongs to the Southern Fish, Pisces. According to
Enoch, the four day-stars are isolated and especially “not included
in the regular computation of the year.”
The Antediluvian Calendar is similar to the classical Mayan Calendar
in many respects. A 360-day-Tun-year consists of 18 Uinal
periods of 20-days each. The 18 Uinal glyph names reflect an
original group of 18 affiliated Mesoamerican tribes. Many Old Testament researchers relate
the famous 12 tribes of Israel to 12 astrological signs of the
ancient Mesopotamian zodiac. We associate zodiac names with
"zoo," because most constellations aptly name animal gods.
Familiar names include Leo the lion, Aries the ram, Scorpio the
scorpion, Cancer the crab, Pisces the fish, Capricorn the goat and
Taurus the bull. God
made the heavenly bodies to show us SIGNS that serve to mark
calendar time. Since ancient days, humanity has encompassed
the pseudo-science of astrology to render interpretations involving
motions of the sun, moon, planets and stars. Our intentions
here posit archaic spiritual preoccupations against the backdrop of
emerging calendar science.
Genesis 1:14-15
“And God said, "Let there be lights
in the expanse of the sky to separate the day from the night, and
let them serve as signs to mark seasons and days and years, and
let them be lights in the expanse of the sky to give light on the
earth. And it was so.”
Mayan worship spread the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year amongst
polytheism. Numbered day signs from 1 to 13 associate with
animal god names in the Maya glyph language. The ecliptic
marks the double-headed serpent path of the Mayan zodiac.
According to the Paris codex, Mayan god animals were in position at
the time of the vernal equinox in 3113 B.C.E. or the presumed
starting date of the Mayan Calendar. Of course, not all 13
constellations in the zodiac were visible together. Only four
constellations were viewable while the other nine were below the
horizon in the nether underworld. Known parts of the zodiac
appear in a manner that compare with other zodiacs. Scorpio
equates with the scorpion. Gemini appears related to a
pig. Mayan turtle stars form sections of the Gemini and Orion
constellations. The ecliptic ends with the rattlesnake tail we
call the Pleiades. The Pleiades rest midway between Aries and
Taurus. Aries is the Jaguar god, Leo is a frog and finally
Scorpion. Dual Mayan Calendar years worked like meshed gears
to perform one 52-year Calendar Round that has 18,980-days.
Counterpart to the 360-day-Tun-year was the
260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year. Continuation of religious
festivals has preserved beliefs surrounding the zodiacal Tzolken.
The ancient Mesoamerican Tzolken zodiac includes the constellation
Ophiuchus according to many archeo-astrologists. Stargazers
recognize Ophiuchus as the Serpent Holder 13th sign between Scorpio
and Sagittarius. Lunar months favor traditional 12
astrological sign zodiacs in a 360-day format. The 12-month
zodiac omits Ophiuchus even though the ecliptic passes through
it. The Serpent Holder was the mysterious Grecian god healer
Aesculapius, who had the ability to raise the dead and cure the
sick. Obscure ties with Sumerian or Babylonian zodiacs entwine
Ophiuchus with Creation tales of Tiamut, Enki and Marduk -
Jupiter. Ophiuchus is the hidden constellation.
Judaic views about monotheism recognize a single omnipotent God without regard to any other
form of idolatry, man made or celestial. Lunar months have
always been traditionally important to Jewish Calendar
reckoning. Whether three 30-day months culminate in 90-day
quarters or as part of Metonic 19-year lunar/solar cycles, sighting
the new moon crescent was of paramount importance to Jewish Calendar
reckoning. Jewish month names show Sumerian-Babylonian
influence. Sumerian and Babylonian calendars also began months
according to new moon crescents. Monotheism replaced
polytheism for Jewish people living in Mesopotamia.
Sumerian cosmology is responsible for an early set of core beliefs
found in the Holy Bible.
Sumerians have the distinction of being the earliest inhabitants of
the Fertile Crescent region. Beginning 8,000-years B.C.E.,
Sumerian culture realized a priest-astronomer class, improved
agrarian techniques and developed the first sexagesimal (base 60)
numbering system. Sumerian language bears affinity to
vocabulary and similar concepts found in the ancient tongues of
India and Africa. They referred to themselves as “Black
Heads.” The name Sudan traces the “Land of the Blacks.”
Biblical references may include the famous Kingdom of Kush from
Northern Sudan eastward to the Nile River. One other point is
worth mentioning. Etymology for the name Adam shows derivation
from the Assyrian Adami or man. Some references also indicate
Adami was particularly the black headed man. In light of the
Ethiopic 364-day-calendar-year and full knowledge that cultural
exchanges took place between Northern Africa and Egypt, there is
reasonable assurance that Sumerian astrology and astronomy
predicates later Babylonian and Egyptian zodiacs. Astrological
signs are the ancient mathematical interpretations that measure
time. Entire pictures decorated minds and artwork long
ago. Astronomical constellations are the modern approach that
purely references scientific observation. Many star charts
contain line diagrams that signify astrological sign shapes.
The Sumerian year had 12-lunar-months, based upon phases of the moon
and just two seasons. Summer began on the vernal spring
equinox, lasting 6-months through until the autumnal equinox.
Winter was the harvest season and outlined by monthly written
characters for hand, seed, grain and cutting. Sighting new
moon crescents determined the length of month and intercalary lunar
months were necessary to keep the lunar year on track with the solar
year. Sumerian, ancient Hindu and later Semitic days began at
sundown.
The Sumerian zodiac had only six houses or star groups. Modern
astrology includes 12 houses or sky divisions, including the hidden
part beneath the horizon, and numbers the position from the east at
the time of observation. The first house is rising when the
seventh house is setting in the west, so six houses are visible at
night. Sumerians spaced their houses some 60-degrees apart or
about 60-days during the course of a year instead of today’s 30-day
monthly division. Sumerians cast the first spiritual
underpinnings that relate astrological positions to governing events
in the future. National affairs such as war, drought and a
plentiful harvest were the concerns of original astrology.
Priests advised the king and other ruling authorities when and how
to act in order to appease the gods. The sky heaven “An” had a
masculine nature. Earth “Ki” had a feminine nature and
together An and Ki bore “Enlil.” Enlil was the god of the air,
who ruled over the “lil” wind or atmosphere.
Babylonian astrology-astronomy provides clues we need to study
360-day-Tun-years in more detail and bridge the gap between Mayan
and Jewish Calendars. Consider looking at the zodiac on the
vernal equinox. Babylonian astronomer priests established a
standard set of 18 constellations along and around the ecliptic as
early as 2,000 B.C.E. Stars outside the zodiac belt were
useful for orientation purposes. Babylonian astronomer priests
later divided the year into 12 star constellations. Dawn
heliacal risings for each sign were separate by about 30-days.
Precision involved erecting fixed sacred pillars called Baals in the
Old Testament for
observation purposes. Egyptian and early Babylonian zodiacs
had 36 Decans or star groups which were separated by about 10-days
during the year. Prior to the Roman Julian Calendar, the
Romans were using a 10-month calendar with 36-day-months.
Eventually 12-months stabilized more or less in their current
configuration. Lunar months having 29-days or 30-days became
the norm for nomadic people and expanding Greco-Roman culture into
larger geographic areas. Mesoamerican Calendars are the
exception to strict lunar observation. Fixed ceremonial
centers encourage dividing 360-day-Tun-years into 18 Uinals of
20-days each. The Mayan lunar series or supplementary series
evidences that moon glyphs tracked phases and cycles. However,
the majority of lunar scripts are still unknown.
Babylonian worship divided the starry sky into three different bands
around 3,000 B.C.E. The northern band was the Path of
Anu. Winter constellations correspond primarily with the Path
of Anu. Our latitude limits the stars we see with respect to
the Tropic of Capricorn. Extending the equator into space
creates a mathematical plane that aligns with the celestial
equator. Babylonians replaced the earth-mother Sumerian “Ki”
with “Ea.” From eastern to western horizons, the central Path
of Ea identifies our modern celestial equator. To the south is
the Path of Enlil band. Latitude position again limits the
stars seen in the summer sky with respect to the Tropic of
Cancer. Calendar months reckon 30-days according to the rule
of “three stars each.” Each Decan star was from a different
band in the sky. Carved figures often represent sprits for
each of the 36 Decan stars. A new Decan star rose about every
10-days. The Decans were mighty, great gods. Decan stars
were companions and guides to help the deceased. Some stars
bestowed blessings while others were hostile or adverse.
Mesoamerican Calendars distinguish a visible nighttime sky that
divides the 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year zodiac into 13 animal
constellations. The ecliptic or celestial equator subsequently
determines the Tzolken part of the Mayan Calendar. Babylonian
and Egyptian zodiacs concentrate upon the entire 36 Decan star array
during the year with a “three stars each” notion. Half of 36
Decan stars are the visible 18 Decan stars during 6-months of either
winter or summer. The other 18 Decan stars belong to the
opposing 6-months and are below the horizon. Again, Sumerians
noticed six 60-degree houses that later evolved into the earliest
Babylonian 18 astrological signs. By 1,200 B.C.E.,
Mesoamerican Olmecs concerned themselves with 13 visible
astrological signs of a 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year. The
360-day-Tun-year and 365-day-Haab-years are later additions to the
Mesoamerican Calendars. The ecliptic pathway eventually
replaced the central Path of Ea as reference to divide the Semitic
sky by a factor of three. Reducing the Sumerian-Babylonian
numbering system from sexagesimal (base 60) to the later
Mesoamerican vigesimal (base 20), infers that Mesoamerica
360-day-Tun-years were using 20-degree houses for their astrological
signs. Each astrological Uinal continued to have three Decan
stars in the tribal Tun schema of 18 Uinals. The Mesoamerican
zodiac supplants the 12-house Sumerian-Babylonian zodiac that had
three Decan stars each.
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Zodiac_Calendar_History wields
popularity involving contemporary astrology. Wider views
draw upon many other sciences. Formal calendar science
includes remote astronomy, mythology and vast cultural
study. Zodiac study includes basic star and ecliptic
heavenly observation paramount to early biblical records.
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Babylonian and Egyptian 360-day-calendar-years are equal to 36 Decan
stars multiplied by 10-days each (Eqn. 1). The
260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year results from 13 Tzolken sacred zodiac
signs of 20-days each (Eqn. 2). The Mayan Calendar
360-day-Tun-year answers for 18 Uinals multiplied by 20-days each
(Eqn. 3). Compared with Semitic cosmology, the Mayan moon
goddess seems like the Venus Ishtar goddess of rebirth and
fertility. As the moon goddess moved through 13 sacred signs
and 18 star groups coincident with 18 tribes, she held the fertility
profile of a “Rabbit in the Moon.”
Mesoamerican cultures may have alternatively adapted the Babylonian
Eighteen Stars Path of the Moon to the ecliptic that marks apparent
motions of the sun and moon. The Greek zodiac 2,000-years ago
borrowed 12 astrological sign names from 12 astronomical
constellations. Greco-Roman zodiacs consistently lay along the
ecliptic. Concordance with the Egyptian zodiac has shown the
ecliptic was a focus for astral worship. Today, there are
several different permutations of the zodiac and personal horoscopes
are an outgrowth resource once reserved for kings and leaders.
Equations
1-3
Semitic 360-day-calendar-year
1. 36 Decan stars
x 10-days
= 360-day-midpoint length of year
Mayan 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year, 13 animal gods relate with 13
Zodiac Constellations
2. 13-animal gods
x 20-days
= 260-day-Tzolken-sacred-year
Mayan 360-day-Tun-year, 18 Uinals relate with Early Babylonian 18
Zodiac Constellations
3. 18 Uinals
20-days
= 360-day-Tun-year
Study of the heavens includes the seven wandering stars, or moving
celestial bodies that give us weekday names. Greek and Roman
mythologies placed the wanderers against the fixed constellations
called the zodiac. Twelve signs of the zodiac begin with the
first point of Aries.
Aries (March 21 - April 19)
At the two equinoxes, the sun crosses the celestial equator in the
spring and fall. Mars was the Roman god of war, and equates to
the Greek god Ares. Spelled Aries by modern English, the sun
rises in Aries for a month beginning at the spring equinox.
The Pleiades are seven stars that once marked the New Year by
advancing the zodiac to the next sign of Taurus. Greek
architecture featured the seven sisters facing east. The Porch
of the Seven Maidens honors the feminine deities that appeared on
the cusp separating Aries and Taurus. The Porch of the Seven
Sisters attaches to the famed Parthenon Temple of Athena.
Located high atop the Acropolis hill outside of Athens, the Greek
home of the gods served tribute to the stars.
The Romans divided the month according to the Calends on the first
day of each month, the Nones for the ninth day proceeding the Ides,
and the Ides. The Nones of March, May, July and October were
on the seventh of the month, and on the fifth day during the other
months. Months of March, May, July, and October had the Ides
on the fifteenth, and the other months held the Ides on the
thirteenth. The first day, Calends, of April, is now on March
21 due to leap adjustments via the Gregorian Calendar. The
10-month Roman Calendar began the new year following the end of
December on April 1. The expression "April Fool's Day" is a
modern remnant of the 2,000-year old calendar.
Taurus (April 20 - May 20)
is the zodiacal constellation that includes the star Aldebaran as
the right eye of the bull. Taurus is charging Orion in the
night sky. Aldebaran was one of the four "royal stars" said to rule
over the heavenly quarters of the year. The Book of Enoch I
alleges the four royal stars preside over all of creation.
Aldebaran presided over the first quarter. The face of Taurus,
horns, and shoulders are visible amongst the other stars in
heaven. A cloud cuts off the body of Taurus to allow space for
other figures.
Gemini (May 21 - June 20) is
named for the twin stars of Castor and Pollux. Cardinal points
of the year were the two equinoxes and the two solstices. The
summer solstice near June 21 earmarks the end of the zodiacal
constellation Gemini. Describing the duality of the solstices,
Gemini twins often face opposite directions. Gemini twins and
the two faces of Janus look opposite to symbolize facing the past
and future. The month of June comes to us from the Latin Junii
or gens. Several families of a house or clan sharing a common
ancestor provide the meaning behind the sixth month.
Cancer (June 21 - July 22),
the mythical Crab Nebula, was easily visible some 2,500 years ago
when it was farthest north and marking the solar rising position at
the beginning of summer. Located between Gemini and Leo, the
Crab Nebula was equal to Jupiter in brightness about the year 1,000
A.D. Due to calendar changes and the procession of the
equinoxes, the sun does not pass near this beehive cluster until
around 1 August. From Cancer, the Tropic of Cancer marks the
imaginary maximum latitudinal solstice line of 23.5 degrees to the
North above the Equator. The Tropic of Capricorn is the
latitudinal solstice line of 23.5 degrees to the South of the
Equator.
July and August continue the namesake months inserted by Julius and
Augustus Caesars. The Julian calendar reform shortened
10-months from 36 days to 30 days each. Two months we call
July and August account for some 60-days in the 12-month
calendar. The former Roman Calendar, like Egyptian, had
360-days with an extra intercalary 5-days being added to the end of
the year. The Julian Calendar spread the 5-days amongst
January, March, May, July and October. February was supposed
to have 30-days in leap years to alternate with the 31-days of
January and March. Augustus Caesar shortened February to 29
days in leap years, making the month of August 31 days long.
Leo (July 23 - August 22) is
the zodiacal sign and constellation for the lion. Both the
bull and the lion had significance in Babylonian mythology.
Six stars form the sickle of Leo. The brightest star, Regulus,
is at one end of the handle. Regulus was a royal star that
ruled over the second quarter of the ancient year. The lion
probably represented summertime heat in Mesopotamia and the kingly
qualities found in leaders. Julius and Augustus chose to
insert their named months under the sign of Leo.
Virgo (August 23 - September 22),
the virgin goddess, denotes the sign and constellation of
Astraea. Man's increasing complexity caused the Greek virgin
goddess of justice to leave the Earth when she felt no longer
needed. Linked to Phoenician Astarte, she represented the
Earth - mother fertility issue by announcing the fall harvest.
The last four months of the old Roman Calendar had numerical
names. Sept is the Latin prefix for the seventh month, in
September of the former Roman year.
Libra (September 23 - October 23)
opposes the spring equinox in the center of the zodiac. The
balance scales show the distinction of the autumnal equinox.
From the Latin, Libra means balance and symmetry. During the
equinox 2,000-years ago, the sun crossed the celestial equator, or
ecliptic near to Libra. The beginning of autumn has drifted
westward into Virgo. Libra depicts scales for the goddess of
justice, Virgo. Libra has been the claws of Scorpio.
Libra owes its importance to the position held in the zodiacal
circle. Octo is the Latin prefix that describes October as the
eighth month.
Scorpio (October 23 - November 21)
is the constellation for the scorpion and the first of the watery
signs. Probably, the watery signs once marked the rainy season
of Mesopotamia. Scorpio is the eighth constellation of the
zodiac belt. Scorpio lies between Libra and Sagittarius and
contains the brilliant red star Antares. Antares is the royal
star that once marked the fourth quarter of the year. Novem
resulted in the ninth month, November.
Sagittarius (November 22 - December
21) is the celestial archer in the heavens. Pictured
as a centaur, Sagitta translates from the Latin phrase to represent
an arrow. Sagittarius is also a traveler, or an explorer,
whose arrow aims at the scorpion. Deca provided December for
the tenth and last 36-day month in the former year.
Capricorn (December 22 - January
20) is related to the festival Saturnalia of the
Romans. The goat constellation is named from the Latin Caper
or goat, plus the Cornu, which means horn. The mythological
animal has the body of a horse, or goat, with usually a single horn
pointing outward from the forehead. The sun enters Capricorn
on the winter solstice, or about December 22 in our Gregorian
Calendar. Saturnalia attached Capricorn to Saturday in the
early Roman Calendar of 10-months. Saturday ends the week and
Saturnalia once ended the year. In the Julian 12-month
calendar, Capricorn began the New Year after 360-days by adding the
last 5-days. A year of 365-days in the original Julian system
completes on December 31.
Aquarius (January 21 - February 19)
is the famed water bearer sign that pours the water upon the ground
so that the crops will grow. The named watery constellations
of the zodiac include Capricornus, the sea goat, followed by
Aquarius, the careless water carrier and dominant figure of the
watery zodiacal scene. Aquarius spills the water urn to mark
an irregular stream of dim stars. The waters of life descend
into the mouth of the Southern Fish or Pisces.
Pisces (February 20 - March 20)
is the last watery sign and the last constellation in the annual
zodiac. Two imaginary fish tie together with a long ribbon,
knotted at either end or center. The bright Pisces Austrinus
star is a first magnitude star and the brightest in the watery
constellations. Called Fomalhaut and pronounced Fo-mal-hut,
the name is corruptive of the Arabic Fum al Hut, meaning the mouth
of the fish. The cord ties together one fish before the
upcoming equinox and the other for the dual end of the equinox that
leads into Aries and the new zodiacal year.
Early church fathers combined the Julian Calendar with Jewish
Calendar influence. Declaring Sunday, rather than Saturday, as
the persistent Christian Sabbath Day served the Roman definition of
changing the days at midnight. Subtracting 5-days from
December 31 results in the older Roman year ending on December 26 of
the later Julian dating scheme. To maintain the Roman
purification festival on February 15, the Romans observed the same
50-day interval between the day after the New Year's Day and
Februarius by reducing January from 36 days to 31 days.
Reducing December from 36 days to 31 days accomplished the same
omission of 5-days as returning to the former 360-day Roman
year. Augustus Caesar modified the calendar by 354 C.E, which
spread the last 5-days prior to December 26. Christ's Mas
observation on December 25 instead of December 26 maintained Jewish
tradition of counting days at twilight on December 25. Another
way of figuring the winter solstice or the New Year of the Julian
Calendar, is to use the modern solstice approximation on December
22. Since the Gregorian Calendar rule concerning centennial
leap days was not yet effective, 3-days would have to be added to
slip the winter solstice for each 100-years of the total
300-years. Three days added to December 22 places the winter
solstice on December 25 of the year 354 A.D. The intentions of
the founding church fathers were to place Christmas Day on New
Year's Day and the Roman festival Februarius on February 15 every
year. Gregorian Calendar changes in 1,582 C.E. dealt only with
the days between New Year's Day and the spring equinox. The
other days fell into place.
Are you a pastor, educator or a student of the Holy Bible? Timeemits.com
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Ancient lunar/solar calendars like the Jewish and Mayan calendars
provide the background to understanding early time. Ancient
calendars of the Holy Bible
use differences between the moon and sun, numerical matching and a
364-day calendar year to describe X-number of days that match with
X-number of years. Ages_of_Adam
is a free read at timeemits.
tags Antediluvian, Genesis, Sumerian, zodiac, astrology, signs,
house, Decan, stars, Babylon, Egypt, Hindu
Clark Nelson is webmaster for http://www.timeemits.com/Get_More_Time.htm,
author of Ages_of_Adam and
sequel, Holy_of_Holies.
Copyright 2006 Clark Nelson and timeemits.com All Rights
Reserved. URL http://www.timeemits.com/HoH_Articles/Zodiac_Calendar_History.htm